Powertrain revolution in California: Volkswagen is presenting the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue concept car at the Los Angeles Motor Show (16th to 25th November, 2007) as a world exclusive - a compact, self-confident zero emissions van in the style of the legendary Volkswagen Samba Bus. On board: the world's first high temperature fuel cell and an array of twelve lithium-ion batteries. When the electric motor 45 kW of the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue is driven exclusively by battery, a range of approximately 105 kilometres is possible - enough to handle nearly all distances in downtown areas. In the scenario of tomorrow's world, the four-seat Volkswagen is advancing to become the ideal vehicle for anyone who wants to drive - completely emission-free - to work, recreation, school or university or just shopping.

Energy is "refuelled" either via an electrical outlet or by the Volkswagen high-temperature fuel cell. In the latter case, the car's range is extended an additional 250 kilometres (approximately). This makes it possible to drive approximately 355 kilometres on a single "energy charge". Aside from this, the micro van utilises another energy source: the sun. And indeed with a large solar panel on the roof, it supplies up to 150 Watt of energy that is also fed into the battery.

With its new high temperature fuel cell (HT-FC) Volkswagen is introducing a system that represents a turning point in research on fuel cells for mass production. That is because, the HTFC offers crucial advantages compared to all other fuel cell systems: considerably lower weight, significantly greater everyday utility, substantially lower price and, therefore, clearly the better chances of becoming a reality someday as a mass produced technology. The high temperature fuel cell was developed at a dedicated research centre founded by Volkswagen in Germany.

With its concept car being shown in Los Angeles, Europe's most successful car producer is introducing the third variant of its "New Small Family" within just two months. Like the city specialist, the Up!, already introduced at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show (IAA) and the Space Up! presented in Tokyo, the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue is a small space wonder too. Over a length of just 144.9 inches, a height of 61.8 inches and a width of 64.2 inches, it offers the space of a considerably larger vehicle. The clever space concept of the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue - which is 1,090 kilogrammes "light" despite the fuel cell and batteries - is largely due to the layout of the powertrain. Its emission-free electric motor operates - as did the engines of the Beetle and the Bulli (Kombi) at one time - in the rear. Also housed in the rear, under the rear seat to be exact, are the lithium-ion batteries. The high temperature fuel cell, on the other hand, is located at the front of the car.

Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue is the third concept car of the New Small Family by Volkswagen

The Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue - with its four roof windows - is reminiscent of the Samba Bus of the 1950s. However, at a length of 144.9 inches the contemporary concept car is almost 23.6 inches shorter than the cult bus of that era. And so the "new one" is anything but a retro version of the "old one". Nonetheless, the two vans are certainly 'kindred spirits', and this goes beyond sharing the windows in the roof. For example, their designs both incorporate butterfly doors with opposing hinges and a motor layout in the rear.

Electric motor and battery
While fifty years ago a boxer engine in the rear provided the propulsive force, in the new concept car it is an electric motor. This motor outputs 45 kW, turns at up to 10,000 times per minute and generates a maximum torque of 120 Newton-metres. The zero-emission drive draws its power from an array of twelve lithium-ion batteries with a total energy capacity of twelve kilowatt-hours (kWh). Motorised in this way, the Space Up! Blue attains a top speed of approximately 121 km/h. It handles the sprint to 100 km/h in a dynamic 13.7 seconds, which is amazing for this type of car!.

Exclusively driven by battery, the motor powers the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue over a range of approximately 105 kilometres. By comparison: a hybrid car in pure electric drive mode - i.e. with energy stored in the battery - can travel just two kilometres on average. The combustion engine must kick in again before this distance is driven. Consequently, the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue represents a conceptual approach, reaching beyond hybrid technology, for operating the automobile just by battery, especially in urban areas. However, a prerequisite for this technology are durable and affordable lithium-ion batteries with high charge capacities. With their help, transportation could become "electrified" - i.e. converted from combustion engines to electric motors - in a stepwise manner, initially in the big cities. The infrastructure needed for this is simple: electrical outlets! Step by step, public and private parking spaces and parking garages would have to be equipped with "electric service pumps" to offer charging capabilities. At night, vehicles like the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue could take advantage of night-time rates for electrical power - which are often much lower in many countries - to "fill up their tanks". The fact is: today the Space Up! Blue concept car could already handle average daily driving distances in pure battery mode - without a fuel cell.

High temperature fuel cell
The high temperature fuel cell, meanwhile, could enable completely emission-free driving over long distances. The high temperature fuel cell develops a power of twelve kW to spur on the electric motor.

The fuel cell utilises hydrogen (H2) to obtain electrical energy. Two safety tanks integrated in the underbody store up to 3.3 kilogrammes of compressed hydrogen. This quantity is enough to operate the electric motor over a distance of 250 kilometres (approximately). With fully charged battery and full hydrogen tanks, the theoretical range is a full 355 kilometres (approximately). So theoretically, even an excursion from the Los Angeles Motor Show to picturesque Santa Barbara and back would be feasible without an energy recharge. These are distances that demonstrate how cars with electric motors plus fuel cell are capable of more than just city driving.

Aside from the fact that hydrogen would have to be produced in sufficient quantities by regenerative energy, there is another serious problem: All fuel cells known to date - that is low temperature fuel cells - need to operate over a very specific temperature range. If the temperature rises too much, energy recovery is brought to a standstill. That is why all of these fuel cell designs have relatively large and likewise complex cooling and humidification technologies.

This is precisely where the high temperature fuel cell developed by Volkswagen comes in. It eliminates the numerous disadvantages of previously known low temperature fuel cells (LTFCs). A new high-temperature membrane and electrodes specially designed for this membrane enable significantly more compact, affordable and efficient fuel cell systems, as shown on the Space Up! Blue concept car in Los Angeles.

Working together with its custom designed electrodes, the high-temperature membrane can be "driven" over a temperature range of up to 160 degrees Celsius. An average operating temperature of 120°C is planned for vehicle operation and, indeed, without requiring supplemental humidification. Therefore - in contrast to the LTFC - it is sufficient to implement a much simpler cooling and water management system. This reduces space requirements, weight and costs significantly!

Space concept
Like the city specialist, the Up!, already presented at the IAA in Frankfurt and the Space Up! shown in Tokyo, the Space Up! Blue is a small space wonder too. Over a length of just 144.9 inches, a height of 61.8 inches and a width of 64.2 inch, it offers the space of a considerably larger vehicle. The clever space concept of the Volkswagen Space-Up_ Blue - which is 1,090 "light" despite the fuel cell and batteries - is largely due to the powertrain layout: the car's emission-free electric motor operates - as did the engines of the Beetle and Bulli (Kombi) at one time - in the rear. Also housed in the rear are the lithium-ion batteries. The high-temperature fuel cell, on the other hand, was integrated in the front of the car.

Exterior design
The exterior design of the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue is deliberately adorned with stylistic elements of the legendary 1950s Samba Bus. Klaus Bischoff, Director of Volkswagen Design, says: "While we were designing the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue the Samba Bus was a great inspirational source for us. Especially in the US, this all-time favourite is unforgotten and to this day is seen as a symbol for freedom and it represents a part of Volkswagen's identity. What gave it its characteristic look are of course the windows in the roof area, the flat and flush surfaces and its distinct graphics. All together they form a face with a soul. These stylistic elements were carried over to the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue. At the same time the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue is the third model variant to join the "New Small Family". All three models share the same design philosophy and are characterised by a simple, clear language of forms - another analogy to the Samba Bus. The designers consciously omitted any superfluous gimmicks. As a result, the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue also exhibits a completely new harmony between technical layout, on the one hand, and emotional design on the other.

The colour of choice for the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue's exterior is a cool champagne metallic tone called "Waterborne". The roof distinguishes itself through its white varnish resembling the Samba Bus, the panorama windows integrated on the sides and the solar panel.

Front end: Distinguishing the front end of the "New Small Family" are the headlamps that take an inward diagonal line, between them the horizontally integrated air inlets (minimised aperture optimises aerodynamics), the VW logo arranged on the front bonnet (as the only exterior detail kept in chrome) and the smooth-surfaced bumper with a lower segment.

Side profile: On its sides, the concept car - like the Samba bus in earlier days - exhibits a long extended window section, additional roof windows and a clearly distinctive, powerful C-pillar whose form is typical of Volkswagen. The A-pillar is positioned far forward.

The space between the A and C pillars is spanned by the line of butterfly doors with opposing hinges. Both the front and rear doors are opened by door handles at the height of the imaginary B pillars. Since the doors open in opposition and extend across nearly the entire space between the wheel housings - i.e. the entire sill length - all four seating positions are exceptionally convenient to access. A key concept here is wheel housings: Hidden under them are the self-confident and large 18-inch wheels with low rolling resistance tyres sized 165/50. Distinctive in this area are the short front and rear overhangs. The front overhang, from the axle hub to the outer skin of the bumper measures just 53 centimetres; in the rear it is 59 centimetres. The result: crisp proportions.

Rear end: Also unmistakable are the design features of the rear end. Take the example of the rear door: It fills out practically the entire car area above the bumper. Similar to the smaller Up!, the door - split 1/3 to 2/3 - consists of a transparent material. Integrated beneath it are the taillights. Fully opened, the door offers a cargo width of 101 centimetres. The bumper itself was designed to match its counterpart at the front end.

Thanks to the wide track width of 1.42 metres, the outer edges of the wheels line up with the wheel housings. The effect is that the entire vehicle width of 1.63 metres seems to consist of axles plus tyres and wheels. Meanwhile, the only details that boldly jump outside of the vehicle width are the round-shaped outside mirrors.

Interior design
The Volkswagen designers also went down new roads for the interior. The passenger compartment and the exterior are colour co-ordinated. Sandy earth tones provide a pleasant atmosphere. This colour scheme is combined with white contrast elements and orange coloured translucent details. The combination of all colours, shapes and features provide a comfortable and yet cool high-tech interior.

But the show-stoppers are the materials used: most surfaces are made of recycled materials. With more vigour than ever, a material world both very technical and very noble was provided. The instrument panel and the door coverings are made of organic plastic (biopolymers). This composite material is made of wood, plastics and admixed additives and its pellet impression went straight into the interior design.

Interior concept
The Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue is a full-fledged four-seater that is extremely comfortable, even on long trips. The reason: The cushions of the four seats - for driver, front and rear passengers - consist of airflow foam that automatically adapts to individual anatomies. In addition, the seating position is pleasantly high, making it extremely comfortable. Despite the extensive powertrain equipment, no compromises are made in the amount of space offered compared to versions with "normal" internal combustion engines: interior height (measured between the seat surface and car headliner) is 40.6 inches in front and 40 inches in the rear.

With the exception of the driver's seat, all seats can also be folded and removed. If the seats are "only" folded, this provides a level cargo area with a capacity of up to 1,005 litres. With four people on board, cargo capacity up to the height of the window sill is still 220 litres.

User interface
Since the car's cockpit was conceived as a module to be applied across all models of the "New Small Family", the cockpit unit was adopted completely from concept cars presented in Frankfurt and Tokyo, with just slight modifications. An instrument panel that offers up everything at a glance: in detail, the Volkswagen Space-Up! Blue has two central displays. In the cockpit, an 8-inch monitor displays information such as vehicle speed, battery reserves, hydrogen volume and range. In the middle of the instruments, a 7-inch monitor shows how future human-machine interfaces might look and operate. Here all conceivable functions are controlled via a touch screen that - using proximity sensors - reacts to gestures as well, i.e. specific hand movements.